Disclosure(s): No financial relationships with ineligible companies to disclose
Learning Objectives:
Explain where electrophysical agents (EPAs) fit in overall physical therapy practice and management of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis pain management.
Describe mechanisms of action, current evidence and guideline recommendations for traditional EPAs including ice, heat, paraffin wax, transcutaneous nerve stimulation, interferential current and ultrasound therapy.
